Diagnostic Relevance and Clinical Interpretation of Hepatitis B Virus Serological Profile Testing

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection constitutes a public health menace in many regions of the world. The dynamic nature of the infection and the characteristic variations in the serological markers associated with the various phases of the infection makes its classification, treatment and management a serious challenge to health professionals. Hepatitis B serologic profile is generated from the measurement of several hepatitis B virus specific antigens and antibodies. Immunological responses from the constellation of the assay report can be used to differentiate acute from chronic infection; classify the different phases of the infection; recognise past, resolved and active infection; identify occult and mutant form of the infection. Accurate interpretation of the profile report will abet the diagnosis of hepatitis B virus infection and its associated disease, hence, identifying and linking infected individuals, to appropriate care and treatment services, thereby reducing hepatitis B related mortality and unnecessary expenses on unwarranted medications. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the various forms of HBV infection, the natural history of chronic hepatitis B infection, the serological markers and a guide to the interpretation of the various serological patterns associated with hepatitis B virus infection with the sole purpose of providing myriad of relevant information to guide healthcare providers in the diagnosis, treatment and management of those infected with HBV.